Manholes allow personnel access to buried utilities for inspection and maintenance.  Manholes are an integral part of buried sanitary sewer and storm sewer systems, but larger electrical, telecommunications, and steam distribution systems may also be constructed with manhole access.

Manholes are placed in gravity flow (storm and sanitary) sewer systems at changes in pipe size and slope, as a node where sewer lines join, and wherever single lines change direction.  Additionally, there are general rules for manhole spacing in sewer systems based on pipe diameter.  For sewer pipes of 15 inches or less, manhole spacing is typically 300-400 feet or less.  For larger pipe diameters, recommended manhole spacing increases to about 500 feet minimum.  The recommended distance may be further increased if the pipes between manholes are of large enough dimensions to allow a person to walk through.

This topic includes information related to lead-based paint remediation. Lead-based paint remediation is the abatement and disposal of lead materials. Abatement includes removal of lead materials and encapsulation. Assessment will define the amount and condition of lead materials, in addition to providing guidance for remediation.

This topic includes information related to asbestos remediation. Asbestos remediation is the abatement and disposal of asbestos material. Abatement includes removal of asbestos material, by hand or vacuum and encapsulation. Assessment will define the amount and condition of asbestos, in addition to providing guidance for remediation.

This topic includes information related to water decontamination. Water decontamination is the process of cleaning contaminated water. Process technologies that clean water can be chemical, biological or electrolysis. Various types include: reverse osmosis, synthetic resins, activated carbon, sand filtration and inorganic substrates.

This topic includes information related to underground storage tank removal. Underground storage tanks are used to store petroleum or hazardous substances. Older underground storage tanks made from steel can corrode and leak these substances into the soils, presenting an environmental concern. Owners are responsible for maintenance, closure and removal.

This topic includes information related to remediation soil stabilization. Remediation soil stabilization or solidification is a process that reduces environmental concerns of contaminated soils. Groundwater carries away (leaching) contaminates from soils presenting potential environmental concerns. These concerns can be resolved by chemically stabilizing the soil with a material like portland cement. Portland cement is mixed in to contaminated soils and reacts to ground water. The reaction creates physical bonds and low impermeability. The physical bonds encapsulate contaminates, immobilizing them in place.

This topic includes information related to surface removal decontamination. Surface removal decontamination is a process of cleaning contaminated soil. Various types of processes exist, there use depends upon the given circumstances and characteristics of soil contamination being cleaned. Processes can be either uncontrolled or controlled. Uncontrolled processes are natural methods for cleaning soil. Controlled processes utilize technologies to clean soil in place (in-situ) or excavated, cleaned and replaced (ex-situ).

This topic includes information related to structure moving. Relocating a structure is the act of physically moving a structure from one location to another. Structures can be disassembled and then reassembled or lifted and transported. Buildings have been moved for any number of reasons, historic buildings are commonly moved to preserve the interest of an existing building that has outlived it's current location due to redevelopment.

This topic includes information related to removal and salvage of construction materials. Prior to demolition or renovation of an existing structure materials in a building can be salvaged. Salvaging materials/equipment involves there removal from an existing structure, repair and storage. Salvaged materials may be reinstalled by an owner or sold and reused in a different building. The act of salvaging reduces waste.

This topic includes information related to demolition. Demolition can be either selective, partial or complete removal of a structure and/or site elements. Depending on the size and scope of a demolition, tearing down may involve careful deconstruction by hand, destruction by fire, mechanical equipment or explosive implosion.